Even though leading to different outcomes, these judgments support the Commission in its scrutiny of advance tax rulings on transfer pricing, explicitly confirming the possibility for the Commission to verify the arm’s length nature of transactions between related parties. At the same time, it acknowledges taxpayers and Member States have a margin of appreciation.
Background
State aid is defined as a measure granted by the State or through State resources, which distorts or threatens to distort competition and affects intra-EU trade by favouring certain undertakings or the production of certain goods. Measures meeting these criteria may constitute an aid scheme in particular in case they do not need further implementing measures and define beneficiaries in a general and abstract manner.
On 21 October 2015, the Commission had concluded that the Netherlands and Luxembourg had granted unlawful aid to Starbucks and Fiat respectively. In both cases, the Commission challenged the transfer pricing (TP) analysis underpinning the price of certain intragroup transactions, e.g., with respect to the choice of the TP method, the choice of the profitability indicator, and the selection of comparable companies. The taxpayers and the Member States involved had appealed to the EU General Court (EUGC), arguing in particular that the Commission (i) exceeded its powers and sought to harmonise taxes through the backdoor, (ii) made mistakes in its detailed TP assessment, and (iii) did not establish that the beneficiaries of the rulings were treated better than other taxpayers.
Key EUGC findings
The EUGC confirmed that the Commission can interpret State aid rules as imposing an obligation to comply with an arm’s length principle, as integrated and standalone companies are in a similar situation. Hence, the Commission was right to compare the tax position of the relevant Fiat and Starbucks entities with the tax burden imposed by normal national taxation rules on an undertaking operating in a comparable factual situation and under market conditions. The EUGC appears to accept this would be the case even if there is no arm’s length principle clearly laid down in domestic law. At the same time, the EUGC acknowledges that TP inherently entails a degree of inaccuracy, so that an advantage only arises when the variation between two comparables exceeds the inaccuracy inherent to the chosen TP method.
Moreover, in both the Fiat and Starbucks cases, the EUGC found that the Commission did not exceed its powers when assessing compliance of the tax rulings with the arm’s length principle.
The judgments also provide guidance on how to apply such principle concretely and came out with opposite conclusions as regards the actual evidence of an advantage provided by the Commission:
- In the Fiat case, the EUGC found it was inappropriate to remunerate only a hypothetical amount of capital at risk, rather than the full amount of capital. Luxembourg had thus not complied with the arm’s length principle, which resulted in an unlawfully reduced tax base for the taxpayer.
- In the Starbucks case, the EUGC rejected the Commission’s challenges to the Dutch TP analysis. It found that choosing the TNMM rather than another, more direct TP method (the CUP) was not sufficient to prove the existence of an advantage. The EUGC also reviewed the functional analysis of the parties to the transactions covered by the advance pricing agreement and the comparability analysis to determine an arm’s length remuneration.
Finally, in the Fiat case, the EUGC also confirmed the presumption of selectivity raised by the Commission (once an advantage resulting from the tax ruling is established). The EUGC, however, also went through the standard 3-step selectivity analysis to set aside Luxembourg’s and Fiat’s arguments.
Next steps
Taxpayers engaged in intragroup transactions in the EU should review the EUGC’s positions on the different stages of a TP analysis, as the reasoning may affect how national tax authorities perform TP assessments going forward. It may be worth to verify the strength of the taxpayer’s TP position in view of these new developments.
The Commission (in the Starbucks case), respectively Fiat and Luxembourg (in the Fiat case), may file an appeal with the Court of Justice, which is the court of final instance, assessing matters of law rather than fact.
An appeal of the Commission in the Belgian Excess profit ruling case is already pending with the Court of Justice. The Apple, Amazon and ENGIE cases are still pending before the General Court; the hearing in the Apple case took place on 17 and 18 September 2019. The Commission also still has formal investigations pending into the tax treatment of Nike and IKEA in the Netherlands, Huhtamäki in Luxembourg and 39 Belgian companies which benefited from an Excess profit ruling.
We will keep you informed of further developments. Please contact your trusted Loyens & Loeff adviser, should you have further questions.
